STION AND ANSWER 
BOOK 

ON 

COLORADO 
SCHOOL LAW 



(Including 




i T« acker*) 



BY 

ALICE B. CLARK 
RALPH E.'c, KERWIN 



§ 



i 



i 



FraST EDITION 
1918 



S 



TEACHERS' 



QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK 



ON 



COLORADO SCHOOL LA W 

(Including Certification of Teachers) 



BY 
ALICE B. CLARK 

and 

RALPH E. C. KERWIN 

Compilers of the School Laws, Annotated, 
of Colorado for 1917 






Copyright 1918 
ALICE B.XLARK 

AND 

RALPH E. C. KERWIN 
(first edition) 



0CI.A496852 

JUN -3 1918 

•WO I 



orewon 



This book contains questions and answers on every provision of 
the Colorado School Law and is intended to give prospective teachers 
a good working knowledge of the entire school law. This is made 
necessary because of the lack of authority on the part of the Stale 
Superintendent of Public Instruction to sell the school laws to other 
than school officers. 

This book does not contain an "Institute Outline" for the reason 
that the questions and answers contained herein are a complete and 
exhaustive review of school laws of the State. 

The section numbers of the Colorado School Laws Annotated 
were completely changed in the 1917 edition and therefore question 
and answer books published prior thereto and making reference to 
sections of the old edition are inaccurate and confusing. 



Certification of Teachers 



This state recognizes no certificates issued in other states, but. such 
certificates may, in the case of an emergency, be endorsed until the 
next regular county examination of teachers, provided the certificate 
is in force at the date of such endorsement. 

County examinations for teachers occur the third Thursday, Fri- 
day and Saturday in March, August and December, at all the county 
seats. This examination covers all the common branches together with 
School Law, Theory and Practice and the Natural Sciences. 

In first-class districts (one thousand school population or over) 
the examination of teachers is conducted by the local school board. 
In all districts, High School teachers, and teachers of any of: the. high 
school branches, must hold a first grade county certificate, and must, 
also, be examined in those branches in which they are to give instruc- 
tion. 

Salaries in the rural schools range from fifty to eighty dollars per 
month; in the graded schools from sixty to a hundred dollars. 

A Colorado State Certificate may be issued to graduates of stand- 
ard colleges which carry the full four years' university course, and 
whose entrance requirement is four years of standard high school work. 
The applicant must present credentials which show that at least twen- 
ty semester hours of his collegiate course were given to professional 
training, distributed among at least three of the groups of subjects 
named, one of which MUST be Practice Teaching; General and Educa- 
tional Psychology; History of Education; Science and Principles of 
Education and Practice Teaching. The applicant must also certify to 
twenty-four months of teaching experience, after graduation, and must 
appear before the State Board of Examiners. 

A "semester hour" is understood to be one class room recitation 
or lecture per week, with all necessary preparation throughout one 
college semester. 

The State Superintendent of Public Instruction has no department 
for the placing of teachers. 



Teachers Question and Answer Book 
on the Colorado School Law 



ALCOHOLIC DRINKS AND NARCOTICS, CIGARETTES AND 

TOBACCO. 

L Q. Does the School Law of the State of Colorado make any pro- 
vision concerning alcoholic drinks and narcotics? 

A. The Law provides that the effects of alcoholic drinks and nar- 
cotics upon the human system be taught in public schools and re- 
quires school officers to enforce the provisions of the act, under 
penalty of removal from office for failure or refusal. 

5 Q. What provision is made concerning 1 cigarettes and tobacco? 

A. It is unlawful to sell same to persons under 16 years of age, 
without the written order of the father or guardian of such child. 

APPEALS, 
3 Q. To whom may appeals be taken? By whom? When? 

A. Any person aggrieved by the decision of any district board 
may appeal within 30 days to the County Superintendent upon the 
filing with the County Superintendent of a proper affidavit, and 
any person or district board aggrieved by the decision of the Coun- 
ty Superintendent may appeal within 30 days in like manner to the 
State Board of Education. 

£ Q. What powers has the State Board of Education in appealed 
cases where no trial has been had before the County Superintend- 
ent? 

A. It may subpoena witnesses, administer oaths through its pres- 
ident and require the production of such necessary papers and 
documents as it deems necessary. 

5 Q. Is the decision of a District Board or County Superintendent 
final? 

A. No. Appeals may always be taken to determine whether or 
not there has been an abuse of discretion in the rendition of the 
decision by the district board or County Superintendent and to 
review questions of law and fact. 



6 Q. Is the decision of the State Board of Education final? 

A. Yes ; unless reversed by the proper courts. 

7 Q. May a District Board, the County Superintendent or State 
Board render judgment for money? 

A. No. 

BONDS. 

8 Q. Who determines the issuance of bonds? 

A. Qualified electors of district who paid a school tax therein 
in the year next preceding the election. 

9 Q. Who determines the amount of bond indebtedness? 

A. The Board of Directors. 

10 Q. What persons may vote upon the question of contracting a 
bonded debt? 

A. In bond elections the elector must have paid a school tax in 
the district for the year next preceding the election. In bond elec- 
tions in districts which lie entirely within the exterior boundaries 
of a city operating under a special charter adopted under the pro- 
visions of Art. XX of the Constitution, no person shall be per- 
mitted to vote unless he shall first have been registered. 

11 Q. What limit is placed on bond indebtedness? 

A. In first and second-class districts 5% and in third-class dis- 
tricts 3%% of the assessed valuation of the property in the dis- 
trict for the year next preceding the date of said bonds. 

12 Q. How is the limit of indebtedness of any school district com- 
puted? 

A. Upon 70% of the assessed valuation of the property of the 
district. 

13 Q. Is taxation limited for the payment of bonds or interest there- 
on? 

A. No. 

14 Q. When are bonds redeemable? 

A. Not less than 10 nor more than 20 years after date of issuance. 

15 Q. When are bonds payable? 

A. Bonds are payable not less than 20 nor more than 40 years 
from date of issuance. 

16 Q. How are bonds signed? 

A. By the President of the Board of Directors and countersigned 
by the County Treasurer — bearing the seal of the district. The 
coupons are signed by the President of the Board. 

6 



17 Q. What is the procedure in the payment of interest coupons? 

A. County Commissioners must levy and assess a sufficient tax 
on all the taxable property of the bonded district to pay same. 
These taxes are collected by the county treasurer as other taxes, 
in cash only. The surplus revenue from such taxes is immediate- 
ly credited by county treasurer to bonded district, which is then 
subject to disposal of the school board. 

18 Q. How are bonds redeemed? 

A. The year preceding the date fixed by the board for the re- 
demption of bonds and annually thereafter until full payment of 
said bonds, county commissioners provide by taxation and collect 
such per cent, of the principal of said bonds as in equal annual in- 
stalments will be sufficient to redeem at maturity. The board of 
directors keeps record of bonded indebtedness and the auditor of 
state must keep a record of bonds. 

19 Q. Does change of boundary lines release property? 

A. Xo. 

20 Q. Does annexed property become subject to bonded indebted- 
ness? 

A. Yes. 

High School Bonds. 

21 Q. How is high school indebtedness created? 

A. Upon petition of fifty voters, the county superintendent gives 
not less than twenty days' notice that the question of contracting 
a bonded indebtedness will be submitted to the qualified voters. 

22 Q. Does the change in boundary lines of the high school district 
release taxable property? 

A. No. 

23 Q. Does change in boundary lines of the high school district sub- 
ject annexed property to indebtedness? 

A. Yes. 

24 Q. Can a district be subjected to taxation for more than one class 
or kind of high school? 

A. Not without its consent. 

CERTIFICATES. 

(See Certification of Teachers — Page 4.) 

25 Q. How many grades of certificates are there? 

A. Three. The first grade is valid for three years and may be 
renewed by the county superintendent issuing same; the second 

7 



grade is valid for eighteen months; the third grade for nine 
months — not more than two third grade certificates can be issued 
to the same person. 

26 Q. Name all the different kinds of teachers' license, or certificate, 
recognized in this state, and tell by what authority each is issued. 

A. State diploma by State Normal School; state teachers' certifi- 
cate by state board of education ; complimentary state diploma by 
state board of education; high school certificate and grade school 
certificates in all but first-class school districts by county superin- 
tendent of schools — in first-class districts, the board of education. 

27 Q. When and by whom may a teacher's certificate be endorsed? 
When renewed? 

A. The first grade county certificate may be renewed for three 
years on the date it expires ; renewal by the county superintend- 
ent of the county in which it was issued. 

A teacher's certificate in force in Colorado, or another state may 
be "endorsed" by the county superintendent and thereby become 
valid until the next examination. 

28 Q. Explain fully the "like grade" certificate. 

A. A certificate of like grade may be issued by a county super- 
intendent to the holder of a first grade certificate granted on 
examination and valid in another Colorado county. The certifi- 
cate of like grade does not show the percentage of standing and 
may not be renewed, but the original may be renewed and another 
like grade thereby secured. 

29 Q. Name titles of the different authorities authorized to issue; 
licenses (certificates) to teach in the public schools of Colorado. 

A. The State Board of Education, The State Normal School, the 
Boards of Education in districts of the first class, and county 
superintendents. 

30 Q. Does the law delegate to the profession (teachers) any author- 
ity in this respect, or to pass upon the qualifications of those de- 
siring to enter the profession? 

A. No. 

31 Q. State two advantages of first-grade certificates over other 
grades issued by the county superintendent. 

A. Issued for a longer term and may be renewed. The first grade 
county certificate may be renewed for three years on the date it 
expires. Renewal by the county superintendent of the county in 
which it was issued. 

32 Q. Who has power to revoke certificates? Diplomas? 

A. County certificates, the county superintendent. State diplomas 
issued by the State Board of Education may be revoked by the 

8 



State Board of Education. State diplomas issued by the State 
Normal School may be revoked by the state superintendent. 

33 Q. On what grounds may certificates be revoked? 

A. County Superintendent may revoke same for immorality, 
incompetency or other just cause. 

34 Q. Under what conditions are certificates issued? 

A. Upon examination only, except upon issuance of a like grade 
certificate. 

35 Q. Is the action of the County Superintendent in granting or 
revoking certificates final? 

A. No ; an appeal may be taken within thirty days to State 
Board of Education. 



CHILDREN 

36. Q. What is a delinquent child? 

A. Any child sixteen years of age or under or girl under eighteen 
who violates any state law, city or village ordinance, or who is 
incorrigible, knowingly associates with thieves, vicious or immoral 
persons, or growing up in idleness or crime, or conducts himself 
in a suspicious, immoral and improper manner. 

37 Q. Give five provisions of the Child Labor Law. 

A. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed 
at any gainable occupation in any theatre, concert hall, or place 
of amusement where intoxicating liquors are sold, or in any mer- 
cantile institution, store, offiice, hotel, laundry, manufacturing 
establishment, bowling alley, passenger or freight elevator, fac- 
tory, or workshop, or as a driver or messenger therefor, within 
this state. 

No child under the age of fourteen years shall be employed 

, at any work performed for wages during any portion of any month 

when the public schools are in session, nor be employed in any 

work before the hour of seven o'clock in the morning or after the 

hour of eight o'clock in the evening. 

No child shall be allowed to work more than eight hours in 
any one day. 

Children may be granted a permit to take part in concerts 
and theatrical performances, when such performances are a part 
of their training and education. 

Children may be employed in any fruit orchard, garden, field 
or farm, provided that children under fourteen years of age en- 
gaging in such employment for persons other than their own 
parents must first secure a permit from the Superintendent of 
Schools. 

9 



Children under sixteen years of age may not be employed in 
certain specified hazardous employments. 

No female child under ten years of age may sell or distribute 
newspapers or any article of merchandise, or engage in any other 
business or occupation on the streets. 

It shall be the duty of every one employing minors over 14 
and under 16 years of age to keep a register of such employees 
and to secure an age and scholarship certificate for each person 
so employed. 

Persons employing five or more children under the age of 
sixteen years and over the age of fourteen must keep posted in a 
conspicuous place in every room in which such help is employed 
a list containing the name and place of residence of every person 
under the age of sixteen years employed in such room. 

No such child shall be employed unless there is first produced 
and placed on file an age and school certificate. 

Every teacher and school officer should be thoroughly familiar 
with the provisions of the Colorado Child Labor Law. 

38 Q. What physical examination is prescribed for school children? 

A. The testing of sight, hearing and breathing. 

39 Q. Under the provisions of the law providing for the physical 
examination of school children, what are the duties of the teacher, 
and the County Superintendent, in case the parent or guardian 
fails to procure medical attention for the defective child? 

A. Must report on sight, hearing, breathing, mental activity, 
mental defectiveness, frequent absences, moral defectiveness, phy- 
sical activity, posture, vaccination, physical defectiveness (24 items 
to be noted, such as poor circulation, offensive breath, etc., etc.) 
In necessary cases the parent is notified by the principal or County 
Superintendent that the pupil requires medical care. In case the 
notice is not heeded, the State Bureau of Child and Animal Pro- 
tection is notified. 

40 Q. Under whose supervision is the physical examination con- 
ducted? 

A. Under the supervision of the State Superintendent of Public 
Instruction. 

COMPULSORY EDUCATION. 

41 Q. To what children does the compulsory education law apply? 

A. To children of sufficient mental and physical ability between 
the ages of 6 and 18, where they have not completed the Eighth 
Grade. 

42 Q. Is it necessary that children mentioned in the above answer 
attend public schools? 

10 



A. No, they may attend parochial schools or receive sufficient 
instruction at home by qualified teachers. 

43 Q. What are the requirements of the compulsory education law? 

A. In all school districts of this state "every parent, guardian, or 
other person having charge of any child between the ages of eight 
and sixteen years shall send such child to a public, private, or 
parochial school for the entire school year during which the 
schools are in session in such districts." 

Exceptions. 

Children over fourteen years of age who have completed the 
eighth grade or who are eligible to enter the high school in the 
district. Children over fourteen years of age whose help is neces- 
sary for their own or their parents' support. Children over four- 
teen years of age who for their own best interest should be relieved 
from the necessity of attending school. Children of any age who 
are sufficiently instructed at home. Children of any age whose 
bodily or mental condition does not permit their attendance at 
school. Question of exception decided by the City Superintend- 
ent of Schools; and where there is no City Superintendent, by 
the County Superintendent of Schools. 

The compulsory law is not applicable when school accommoda- 
tions are insufficient. Any school board may appoint a truant 
officer. 

Fines 

Employment of child under fourteen contrary to law. Fine, 
$25-$100. 

Employment of minor between fourteen and sixteen contrary 
to law. Fine, $25-$100. 

Failure of parent or guardian to heed first warning of truant 
officer. Fine, $5-$20, or shall give bond of $100 to guarantee at- 
tendance of child. 

Violation of any provision of the compulsory law for which 
a penalty is not specifically provided. Fine of not more than $50. 

Conviction a second time for similar violations of the com- 
pulsory law. In addition to the fine, an imprisonment of ten to 
thirty days may be imposed. 

"Every child within the provisions of this (compulsory edu- 
cation) act who does not attend school, as provided * * *, or 
who is in attendance at any public, private, or parochial school, 
and is vicious, incorrigible, or immoral in conduct, or who is an 
habitual truant from school, or who habitually wanders about the 
streets and public places during school hours without any lawful 
occupation or employment, or who habitually wanders about the 
streets at night time, having no employment or lawful occupation, 
shall be deemed a juvenile disorderly person and be subject to the 

11 



provisions of this act. The county court shall" hear and determine 
such complaint, and if it is determined that such child is a juvenile 
disorderly person within the meaning of this act, he or she shall 
be committed to a children's home, if eligible, or to the Boys' 
Industrial School or to the Girls' Industrial School, * * * 
taking into account the years of the child with reference to the 
institution selected. ' ' 

44 Q. What is the manner in which to procure exemption or release 
from the operation of the compulsory education act? 

A. By application to the county superintendent, and from thence 
by appeal to the county court, within ten days from any adverse 
action of the county superintendent. 

45 Q. How often may applications for release be renewed? 

A. Not oftener than once in three months. 

46 Q. State generally the duties of employers with regard to chil- 
dren of school age. 

A. They must require proof of compliance with compulsory edu- 
cation act in the employment of children under 14 and children 
between 14 and 16. 

47 Q. What are the duties of truant officers? 

A. Truant officers are appointed by the boards in all school dis- 
tricts, and have authority to enter places of employment for the 
purpose of ascertaining any violation of the compulsory education 
act. They must examine into cases of truancy, warn parents or 
guardians of the final consequences of continued truancy; and 
then institute proceedings for the conviction of any parent or 
guardian who fails to observe the provisions of the Compulsory 
Education Act. 

COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT. 

48 Q. Who is the supervisor of schools in the counties and what are 
the duties of such officer? 

A. The County Superintendent of Public Instruction, whose 
duties are to fill vacancies occurring in the office of any school 
directors of any county, conduct examinations for teachers, ap- 
point directors for districts of second and third class which fail 
. to elect same or where vacancy occurs; to hold the County 
Teachers' Associations; to keep a record of all boundaries of 
school districts within the county, and prepare maps of the same ; 
to keep a careful record of the census; apportion the general 
school fund of the county among the several school districts; 
annex or detach territory from one district to another; annul 
districts which fail for one year to maintain a school and keep 
up its organization of officers and to make annual report as re- 
quired by law, its territory to be annexed to some adjoining dis- 

12 



trict or districts; issue certificates to teachers, keeping a record 
of same ; revoke teachers ' certificates ; conduct examinations, 
keeping records of persons taking same ; act as secretary ex-officio 
of County High School Committee; fix course of study for union 
high school; act as ex-officio member of Union High School Com- 
mittee except in counties of fourth or fifth class where school 
districts adjacent to an incorporated city or town are organized 
into a union high school district. 

49 Q. How does such officer hold office? 

A. By election at same time as members of General Assembly are 
elected. 

50 Q. What is the term of office? 
A. Two years. 

51 Q. How is a vacancy in such office filled? 

A. By appointment of the county commissioners until the next 
election for such office. 

52 Q. What qualifications are necessary to hold such office? 

A. Incumbent must, at time of induction into office, be a qualified 
elector and have resided in the county one year preceding his 
election. 

53 Q. What is the penalty for a county superintendent's failure to 
make report to the superintendent of public instruction? 

A. Forfeiture of one hundred dollars. 

54 Q. What offices does the county superintendent hold ex-officio? 

A. Ex-officio commissioner of lands in his county. 

* Ex-officio member and secretary of the county high school 
committee. 
Ex-officio member and president of union high school com- 
mittee. (See Q. 48.) 

DIRECTORS. 

55 Q. What are the necessary qualifications of directors? 

A. Must be a citizen of the United States and a resident of this 
state for twelve months immediately preceding his election. 

56 Q. State the number of directors in school districts. When 
elected and for what term of office. 

A. There are seven directors in districts of the first class, who 
select from among their number a president and vice-president, 
and elect a secretary and treasurer who may or may not be mem- 
bers of the board. There are three directors in districts of the 
second and third classes, consisting of a president, secretary and 
treasurer. The directors are elected at the general school election 

13 



the first Monday of May, and in districts of the first class hoid 
office for a period of six years, while in the second and third class 
districts the term is three years. 

57 Q. What are the powers of the president of the board? 

A. Appears in all litigation for the district ; presides at its meet- 
ings ; signs orders on the county treasurer ; acts as judge of school 
election. 

58 Q. What are the duties of the secretary? 

A. Give bond; file transcript of proceedings in the case of ap- 
peals from the board to the county superintendent; act as judge 
of election in third-class districts ; give notice of annual election ; 
make annual report to county superintendent; appear in litiga- 
tion for the district in the absence of the president; ascertain 
number of blind and deaf mutes; draw and countersign orders 
issued by the board; preside at meetings in second and third 
class districts in the absence of the president ; keep record of pro- 
ceedings of board at meetings; prepare census list and establish 
its correctness if questioned by county superintendent. 

59 Q. What are the duties of the treasurer? 

A. The treasurer must give bond, countersign warrants on the 
county treasurer, take charge of monies received, report semi- 
annual receipts and expenditures, render statement of finances. 

60 Q. Are the books of the secretary and treasurer open to inspec- 
tion? 

A. They are. 

61 Q. When, and in what amount, is the district treasurer required 
to give bond? 

A. When required to do so by the other members of the board, 
the district treasurer must furnish bond in double the amount of 
money liable to come into his hands, when his liability to the dis- 
trict exceeds twenty dollars. 

62 Q. How soon after election must directors qualify? 

A. Twenty days. 

63 Q. What provision is made in the law for appointment of vice- 
president? 

A. In districts of the first class the board may elect one of their 
members vice-president. 

64 Q. What are his powers and duties? 

A. In the absence, refusal or inability of the president to perform 
his duties, the vice-president shall have all the powers and per- 
form all the duties of the president. 

14 



65 Q. Name some of the important powers of school boards. 

A. In first-class districts, to fill vacancies which occnr on the 
board; establish and maintain continuation, part time, evening, 
vocational, open-air, opportunity schools, and schools for aliens. 
In all districts, have control of instruction in the public schools of 
their respective districts ; make by-laws concerning their own and 
the public school government; employ or discharge teachers and 
other necessary employees; furnish clothing to indigent children 
in order to enable them to attend school ; appoint truant officers ; 
fix compensation of the secretary of the board; fix the course of 
study and text books to be used ; provide school necessities ; sus- 
pend or expel pupils; fix the time for opening and closing of 
schools and the length of term thereof; provide for interchange 
of teachers with school districts of other states; rent, repair and 
insure school houses; to build or remove school houses and pur- 
chase or sell school lots when directed by a vote of the district so 
to do ; certify to the county commissioners the amount of school 
revenue needed ; to furnish books for indigent children, to furnish 
books for all pupils when authorized .by a majority vote of the 
electors ; may pay tuition of pupils to attend a more accessible 
graded school; may pay tuition to enable a qualified student to 
attend any high school of a county, or in an adjoining county if 
there are no high school advantages in his district; to establish a 
free kindergarten; may purchase U. S. Flag and flagstaff. In 
first-class districts may establish a teachers' retirement fund, and 
may conduct teachers' examinations and issue certificates. In 
first and second class districts may establish separate high schools 
and must publish a semi-annual financial report. 

66 Q. Name powers of school board in first-class districts not pos- 
sessed by boards in third-class districts. 

A. They possess all the powers given the electors of districts of 
the third class as specified in question 97. 

67 Q. When, and in what manner, may a special meeting be called 
in a district of the third class? 

A. At any time. In districts of the third class, the meeting may 
be called by the board of directors, and must be called upon peti- 
tion of ton legal voters of the district. Three public notices must 
be posted twenty days in advance of the meeting. 

68 Q. How is a vacancy worked in the office of director of school 
district? 

A. Death, resignation or absence from the district for a period 
beyond thirty consecutive days. 

69 Q. How are vacancies in school boards filled in first-class dis- 
tricts? In second- and third-class districts? For how long a 
period are the appointments made? 

A. Appointment is made until the next election. The county 

15 



superintendent appoints a suitable person to fill the vacancy. In 
districts of the first class, the board has power to fill the vacancy. 

70 Q. Give the substance of the act authorizing school directors to 
purchase and display United States flags upon school building's. 

A. The school directors may purchase a flag and erect a flag pole 
for each school building, and pay for the same with money from 
the public school funds. 

DISTRICTS. 

71 Q. What is a school district? 

A. A body corporate which may hold property and be a party to 
suits and contracts the same as municipal corporations. 

72 Q. How are districts classified? 

A. Into three classes — the. first having a school population of one 
thousand or more ; the second, three hundred and fifty to one 
thousand; and the third, not more than three hundred and fifty. 
School population includes all persons between the ages of six and 
twenty-one. 

73 Q. When does a school district become legal? 

A. When properly organized or when the legality of its organi- 
zation has not been legally denied or questioned and it has exer- 
cised the privileges of a legally and regularly established district 
for one year next succeeding the election of its officers. 

74 Q. How may the classification of a district be^changed? 

A. Only by increase in population. 

75 Q. How may districts be organized from one or more old yiis- 
tricts? 

A. By petition by the parents of at least ten children of school 
age within the limits of the proposed district, provided the old 
district contains an area of more than nine square miles or an 
assessed valuation of $50,000 and forty children of school age and 
the remainder of the district, twenty children of school age. 

76 Q. How may districts be organized from unorganized territory? 

A. By voluntary action of a majority of the legal voters at a 
meeting held for that purpose. 

77 Q. When a district is legally organized, what may make void all 
proceedings pertaining to its formation? 

A. Unless the county superintendent, for good cause shown, ex- 
tends the time from six months to eight months, school must be 
opened and maintained within six months from the establishment 
of the district, or the action making the district shall be void. 

78 Q. May first-class districts be divided? 

X6 



A. Yes, but only upon the majority vote of the electors, and the 
question must be submitted at the annual election. 

79 Q. How may two or more districts be united? 

A. At a special meeting called for that purpose, upon majority 
vote of the legal voters assembled. 

80 Q. How may territory be annexed or detached either from un- 
organized territory or existing districts? 

A. Upon petition to the county superintendent of a majority of 
the legal voters resident within the territory to be so annexed or 
detached, provided that the district from which the territory is 
detached has an area of more than nine square miles or a $50,000 
valuation, and forty children of school age, and that there remains 
in the district from which such territory is detached at least 
twenty persons of school age. If there are children of school age 
in unorganized territory, the county superintendent may annex 
said territory to a contiguous district in the same manner as 
though petition had been filed, if the residents of such territory 
refuse to petition within thirty days after notice by him. 

81 Q. What is a joint school district, and how formed? 

A. A joint school district consists of the uniting of two or more 
districts in contiguous counties. They are organized in the same 
manner as ordinary school districts. 

82 Q. How may a joint school district be annulled? 

A. Only upon vote of a majority of the voters constituting the 
district. 

83 Q. When is a new district entitled to school funds? 

A. Only after school has actually commenced therein within six 
months after organization or eight months if the time be so ex- 
tended by the county superintendent. 

84 Q. How may a district be annulled, and what becomes of its 
territory? 

A. By the county superintendent in cases of failure of the dis- 
trict for one year to maintain a school and keep up its organiza- 
tion of officers and to make the annual report required by law, its 
territory being annexed to adjoining district or districts. . 

85 Q. What is a consolidated district, and how formed? 

A. A consolidated district is the abolishment of two or more old 
districts and the uniting thereof into one district for the convey- 
ance of pupils to one consolidated school. The school boards of 
two or more adjoining districts may submit the question volun- 
tarily or upon petition of one-fourth of the qualified electors of 
each of the school districts. A majority vote of the qualified elec- 
tors of the school districts is necessary. In first-class districts the 

17 



board must submit the question at the succeeding general school 
election. This invariably insures better school buildings, better 
salaries, and better organized schools. 

86 Q. What powers do boards of directors of consolidated districts 
possess? 

A. Purchase site and erect school buildings thereon; provide 
transportation of pupils to the consolidated school where the 
pupils live one mile or more from said school; provide and main- 
tain graded course of study which may include two years high 
school. 

87 Q. How often may the question of consolidation be submitted to 
the electors? 

A. Not oftener than once every two years. 

ELECTIONS. 

88 Q. When is the regular election for electing members of school 
boards held? 

A. Biennially in first-class districts, and annually in second- and 
third-class districts, on the first Monday in May. 

89 Q. At the regular election in third-class districts, is any other 
business transacted than that of electing directors? 

A. All business pertaining to the school interests may be then 
transacted. 

90 Q. When and how shall notice of the regular election be posted? 

A. In third-class districts, in at least three public places, six days 
prior to election ; in first-class districts, publication weekly for four 
weeks in a newspaper of general circulation in the district, or in 
the adjoining district if there is no newspaper in the district where 
the election is held; in districts of more than three thousand 
population, eight weeks previous to the election, and publication 
in newspaper as in the case of first-class districts for a period of 
eight weeks preceding the election. 

91 Q. How long must ballot boxes be kept open? 

A. Not less than three hours in districts of the second and third, 
and from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. in districts of the first class. 

92 Q. Who act as judges of election? 

A. In districts of the first and second classes the judges are ap- 
pointed by the board of directors; in third-class districts the 
directors act as judges. 

93 Q. What is done in case of a tie election? 

A. Another election may be called within ten days. 

18 



94 Q. Who may institute proceedings to contest the election of any 
director? 

A. Any qualified elector, within ten days after the votes are 
canvassed. 

95 Q. Who counts the votes? 
A. The judges. 

ELECTORS. 

96 Q. Who is an elector? 

A. Every person over the age of twenty-one who is a citizen of 
the United States who has resided in the state twelve months 
immediately preceding the election at which he offers to vote, and 
in the county ninet} r days, in the city or town thirty days, ward 
or precinct ten days, school district thirty days. In school elec- 
tions in districts having a school population of more than 3,000, 
the voter must be registered. 

97 Q. What powers do electors of districts of the third class pos- 
sess? 

A. When assembled at any regular or special meeting they have 
power to fix a site for each schcrol house ; to order such tax as is 
deemed necessary for the payment of teachers; to purchase or 
lease a suitable site for a school house ; to build, rent or purchase 
a school house and keep same in repair and furnish necessities 
therefor; to direct the sale or disposition of a school house or site 
or other property of the district, and to transact such other busi- 
ness as is necessary for the school district. 

EXAMINATIONS. 

98 Q. When are examinations held? 

A. On the third Thursday in August, December and March of 
each year. 

99 Q. In what subjects are examinations conducted? 

A. Orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, English, grammar, 
geography, history, Constitutions of the United States and of 
Colorado, civil government, physiology, natural sciences, theory 
and practice of teaching, and school law. 

100 Q. By whom are these examinations conducted? 
A. County superintendent. 

101 Q. When are certificates issued by the county superintendent? 

A. Certificates of like grade may be issued when satisfied of the 
competency of teaching and uood moral character of the appli- 
cant. In emergencies he may recognize county teachers' certifi- 
cates issued in this or any other state by endorsing the word 

19 



"good" thereon, if they are in full force at the date of endorse- 
ment and if they do not show a previous endorsement. These 
certificates are good until the next regular county examination. 

FLAGS. 

102 Q. Give the substance of the act authorizing school directors to 
purchase and display United States flags upon school buildings. 

A. The school directors may purchase a flag and erect a flag 
pole for each school building and pay for the same with money 
from the public school funds. 

108 Q. Give a description of the state flag. 

A. Said flag shall consist of three alternate stripes to be of equal 
width and at right angles to the staff, the white stripe being the 
middle one, the proportion of the flag being a width of two- 
thirds of its length. At a distance from the staff end of the flag 
of one thirty-sixth of the total length of the flag there shall be 
a circular red C, of the same color as the red in the national flag 
of the United States. The diameter of the letter one-sixth of 
the width of the flag. The inner line of the opening of the letter 
C shall be three-fourths of the width of the body or bar, and the 
outer line of the opening shall be double the length of the inner 
line thereof. Completely filling the open space inside the letter 
C shall be a golden disk; attached to the flag shall be a cord of 
gold and silver, intertwined, with tassels one of gold and one of 
silver. 

104 Q. On what occasions may flags other than U. S. or state flags 
be displayed? 

A. When a foreigner comes as guest of U. S. or Colorado or city 
of state ; upon visit of foreign minister, ambassador or envoy in 
official or representative capacity. 

105 Q. May anarchistic flag be displayed? 
A. Never. 

FRATERNITIES. 

106 Q. May pupils in public schools become members or organizers 
of fraternities, sororities or societies? 

A. Only of such as are sanctioned by the board of directors, and 
a violation makes the pupils delinquent children. 

FUNDS. 

107 Q. Of what does the public school fund of Colorado consist? 

A. (1) District tax. 

(2) County tax. 

(3) Certain fines. 

20 



(4) Five per cent forest reserve profits. 

(5) Rent of school lands. 

(6) Interest on a permanent fund derived from the follow- 
ing sources: a. Sale of school land (Sections 16 and 36 or equiv- 
alent lands in each township), b. Sale of estates that escheat 
to the state, c. Grants, gifts, or devises made to the state for 
educational purposes. 

The state general fund includes items five and six. The 
county general fund includes items two, three and four. These 
two general funds are collectively known as the general fund, 
to distinguish them from the fund raised by district taxation, 
which is known as the special fund. 

108 Q. For what purposes may the general county school fund be 
used? 

A. To pay teachers' wages and current expenses. 

109 Q. What is the permanent school emergency fund? 

A. A fund created and made available to school districts for 
use in case of unavoidable casualty or misfortune resulting in 
financial distress (which will continue for a school year), after 
exhausting apportionment of general school fund and the special 
school tax. This cannot be used for building purposes. 

110 Q. What is the normal institute fund? (See Normal Insti- 
tutes.) 

A. A fund created by payment of a one-dollar fee by all appli- 
cants for teachers' certificates, renewals, announcements or issu- 
ance of like grade certificates, together with a fee of two dollars 
paid by the county commissioners of each county forming said 
institute for every teacher attending from said county. 

111 Q. How and when is the institute fund apportioned? 

A. By the state superintendent, in July, at the time of appor- 
tioning the state school fund. It is apportioned equally among 
the normal institute districts. 

FUNDS. 

112 Q. What becomes of fines imposed upon defendants in prosecu- 
tions for misdemeanors? 

A. Unless otherwise provided by the statute imposing the fine, 
it is paid into the county general school fund. 

113 Q. In what ways may a school district forfeit its portion of the 
school fund for the year? 

A. 1. By failure of the board of directors to comply with the 
law. 

21 



2. "Whenever any district shall, for the period of one year, 
fail to maintain a school and to keep np its organization of offi- 
cers, and to make annual report as required by law, the county 
superintendent may declare such district annulled, and annex its 
territory to an adjoining district or districts." 

114 Q. May officers of school districts loan the funds thereof? 

A. No. 

115 Q. Is it lawful for officers of school districts to obtain any bene- 
fit from the deposit of funds or to convert or use the funds in 
any manner for their own use? 

A. It is not. 

116 Q. In what manner may the permanent funds arising from the 
sale of school lands be invested? 

A. Under the direction of the treasurer of the state they may 
be loaned under the direction of the state board of land commis- 
sioners to the state military board, in a sum not to exceed the 
military poll tax collected the preceding biennial period, the 
terms of payment and rate of interest not exceeding five per cent 
to be mutually determined by the state board of land commis- 
sioners and the state military board. 

GARNISHMENTS. 

117 Q. Are school districts subject to garnishment upon writs of 
attachment and execution? 

A. They are (act held unconstitutional by attorney-general). 

HAZING. 

118 Q. Is it lawful to engage in the practice of hazing? 

A. No ; under penalty of dismissal in case of teacher or em- 
ployee, and expulsion in case of student. 

HIGH SCHOOLS. 

119 Q. How many kinds of high schools are there? 

A. Three. County high schools, union high schools and district 
high schools. 

120 Q. In what class districts may county, union and district high 
schools be maintained? 

A. County or union high schools may be maintained in all 
classes of districts, but district high schools can be maintained 
only in first and second-class districts, although a third-class 
district may add certain of the so-called high school branches to 
its course of study. 

22 



121 Q. How may county high schools be organized in counties of the 
second, third, fourth or fifth classes? 

A. The county superintendent of schools, upon petition of fifty 
voters, gives notice twenty days before any regular meeting for 
the election of members of the school boards in the respective 
districts that the question of organizing the high school will be 
submitted to the qualified voters of the respective districts in 
the county at such meeting. The county superintendent must 
cause notice to be posted in each school district to the effect that 
petition has been made to organize the county high school and 
that the matter will be voted upon at the next regular meeting. 
The secretary of each school board in the county must cause 
written or printed notice to be posted in the district specifying 
the purpose, the day and the place or places of the election and 
the time during which the ballot boxes shall be kept open, not 
less, however, than three hours; the time and place specified in 
such notice shall be the same time and place at which the regular 
election of members of the school board shall be held. The 
notices must be posted in three public places in the district, one 
of which is the school house, twenty days prior to the election. 

122 Q. Who act as judges of the election? 

A. The president, secretary and treasurer of each school board. 

123 Q. How may the vacancy of any of the judges be filled? 
A. By a viva voce vote of the electors. 

124 Q. How is it determined as to whether or not the question of 
organizing a district into a county high school has been carried? 

A. The judges canvass the vote immediately after the closing of 
the polls, certifying the number of votes cast for or against the 
question to the county superintendent, and the county superin- 
tendent on the tenth day after election, or sooner if possible, 
announces the result. 

125 Q. What procedure is followed after it has been determined to 
organize a county high school? 

A. The county superintendent notifies the directors of the re- 
spective districts that a meeting will be held at the office of the 
county superintendent not later than thirty days after the elec- 
tion, at which meeting a temporary chairman and secretary are 
elected, and the directors then proceed to elect four persons who, 
with the county superintendent of schools as ex-officio member, 
constitute what is known as the county high school committee. 
In counties where there are more than four districts no two 
members of any one board shall serve at the same time upon this 
committee. The committee then proceed to elect from its mem- 
bers a president and treasurer, the county superintendent acting 
as secretary of the committee.. The term of the members of the 
committee expire simultaneously with the expiration of their 

23 



term of office as director and the vacancy is filled by action of 
the directors of the various districts. Vacancies caused by other 
than expiration of term of office are filled by the county superin- 
tendent. 

126 Q. Name some of the powers of the county high school com- 
mittee. 

A. Employ or discharge teachers and other necessary employees ; 
fix the course of study and determine the text books to be used; 
perform all acts necessary to the proper furnishing, repairing, 
etc., of the school buildings ; build or remove high school build- 
ings; purchase or sell school lots when directed by vote of the 
district so to do; suspend or expel pupils; determine the number 
of teachers and the length of school year; provide books for 
indigent children where parents are unable to do so; exercise 
powers and duties of the directors of the first and second-class 
districts; make an annual report to the county superintendent; 
and make a report to the state superintendent. 

127 Q. Name some of the powers of the president of the high school 
committee. 

A. He shall preside at all meetings ; sign all orders on the 
county treasurer for the payment of money; appear in behalf 
of the district in all litigation except when individually inter- 
ested, in which case the secretary appears. 

128 Q. Name some of the powers and duties of the secretary. 

A. Preside at meetings in the absence of the president; keep 
accounts of the district expenses; give notice of regular and 
special meetings; keep such records and reports as are required 
of secretaries of school boards. 

129 Q. Name some of the powers and duties of the treasurer. 

A. Countersign all warrants drawn by the president and secre- 
tary on the county treasurer; take charge of all moneys received 
on account of a high school district from the county treasurer; 
render statement of finances of the district at the close of each 
year or when requested by the committee; perform such other 
duties as required of treasurers of school districts. 

130 Q. May school districts be subjected to more than one high 
school tax without their consent? 

A. No. 

131 Q. May a county high school district be organized without 
including all districts within the county? 

A. Yes; any school districts organized into third-class high 
school districts and maintaining union high schools, or any 
school district maintaining a high school, may vote to exclude 
itself from the county high school district, and the vote cast by 

24 



the district for this purpose is considered to determine the exclu- 
sion of the district and not the question of the organization of 
the county high school district. 

7 .. m! 

132 Q. May school districts maintaining a high school or organized 
into a union high school district abandon the same and organize 
a county high school district? 

A. Yes. 

Union High Schools. 

133 Q. Under what conditions may union high schools be organized? 

A. School boards of two or more contiguous school districts 
may, through their secretaries, cause the county superintendent 
to call a meeting of the boards by giving personal notice to each 
member, at which meeting, if a majority of each board is pres- 
ent, a committee of three is chosen by ballot, to be known as a 
high school committee; the superintendent is an ex-officio mem- 
ber and presides at the meetings, except in union high school 
districts in class "Third" of question 135; the secretary, and if 
need be, also a treasurer may be elected. 

134 Q. Are union high schools organized at county seats open to 
children outside of the high school district? 

A. No, except upon payment of tuition. 

135 Q. How many kinds of union high schools are there? 

A. Three. First: Those organized in two or more contiguous 
districts, not including a county seat or an incorporated city or 
town in a fourth- or fifth-class county, and are free to all children 
of school age within the county, being supported by their .quota 
from the general fund. Second: Where the county seat is all 
included in one district — such school is not free to all children 
of school age residing outside the high school district at such 
county seat except upon payment of tuition — is supported by its 
quota from the general fund and by a mill levy not to exceed 
four mills. Third: When organized from districts contiguous 
to and including an incorporated city or town in fourth- and 
fifth-class counties, the school building being furnished by the 
city or town. Such schools are free to all children of school age 
residing within the districts, and are supported by their quota 
from the general fund and a levy not to exceed three mills nor 
less than one. 

136 Q. What is the term of the members of the high school com- 
mittee? 

A. They expire simultaneously with the expiration of their 
term as directors of their district. Vacancies caused otherwise 
than by expiration of term of office are filled by the school board 
to which the person so vacating was a member. 

25 



137 Q. What is the term of office of the secretary of the committee? 

A. He is elected annually. 

138 Q. When are meetings of the committee held? 

A. Regular meetings are held the first Saturday of March, June, 
September and December; special meetings upon call of county 
superintendent or two members of the committee. 

139 Q. What are the powers of the committee? 

A. Same as powers of directors of school districts, and in addi- 
tion the right to prescribe qualifications and manner of examina- 
tion for admittance to the high school. 

140 Q. For what term during the year may these schools be main- 
tained? 

A. Forty weeks. 

141 Q. How may outlying school districts not contiguous to a city 
or incorporated town be added to a union high school district 
within the county? 

A. By a majority vote of the qualified electors of such district. 

142 Q. May a school district in one county be added to a union high 
school district of another? 

A. Yes, if it is more convenient for pupils to attend the union 
high school this may be done by a majority vote. 

143 Q. How is the school board provided for in case of the addition 
of an outlying school district? 

A. The county superintendent appoints one member from each 
of the adjoining or outlying districts composing such union high 
school, who, together with the members of the regularly organ- 
ized district, where the building is located, constitute the school 
board of the union high school district. Each following year the 
members of the board are elected at the regular annual meeting 
of the several districts. 



District High Schools. 

144 Q. Into what class districts and how may district high schools 
be established? 

A. The school boards may establish district high schools in first 
and second-class districts. 

145 Q. Who has power and control over such district high schools? 

A. The school boards have the same power and control over 
district high schools as over other schools within the district. 

26 



HOLIDAYS AND SCHOOL YEAR. 

146 Q. What is a school year? 

A. From the first day of July to the 30th day of June. 

147 Q. What is a school month? 
A. Four weeks. 

148 Q. What is a school week? 
A. Five days. 

149 Q. What is a school day? 

A. Six hours, excluding the time of intermission at noon. 

150 What are the so-called national holidays? 

A. Thanksgiving' Day, Christmas, New Year's, Washington's 
Birthday, Decoration Day, Labor Day, Fourth of July. 

151 Q. How long have they been recognized as such? 
A. Since 1887. 

152 Q. What additional days are holidays other than the national 
holidays above mentioned? 

A. General election day, the first Tuesday after the first Mon- 
day in November; Colorado Day, the 1st of August; Columbus 
Day, October 12th; Lincoln's Birthday, February 12th; Arbor 
Day, the third Friday in April; Flag Day, in June by procla- 
mation of the Governor ; Good Roads Day, the second Friday in 
May; Decoration Day, May 30th, and such other days as the 
Governor may declare by proclamation. 

153 Q. How long have they been recognized as such? 

A. General election day since 1891; — 

Colorado Day since 1907; 
Columbus Day since 1907; 
Lincoln's Birthday since 1903; 
Arbor Day since 1889; 
Flag Day by Governor's proclamation ; 
Good Roads Day since 1907. 

154 Q. State the requirements of the law as to the observance of 
Arbor Day by public schools. 

A. Arbor Day is a legal holiday and must bo observed by flic 

planting of trees or other appropriate exercises. 

KINDERGARTENS. 

155 Q. When was the free kindergarten law passed? 
A. In 1893. 

156 Q. How and for what purpose are kindergartens established? 

27 



A. School boards in any school district have the power to estab- 
lish and maintain free kindergartens for the instruction of chil- 
dren between three and six years of age and to establish a course 
of training, study and discipline for such schools. 

157 Q. Are kindergarten children considered in making up the 
census for the district and apportioning the school funds? 

A. No. 

158 Q. From what fund is the maintenance of kindergartens paid? 

A. Special school fund. 

159 Q. What qualifications are necessary for teachers of kinder- 
gartens? 

A. A diploma from a reputable kindergarten teachers' institute 
or the passing of such examination on kindergarten work as said 
department at the state normal school may direct. 

LAW. 

160 Q. Distinguish between the Constitution and the Laws. 

A. The Constitution is the fundamental law of the state as 
approved by the electors. The laws are statutes enacted by the 
General Assembly, or, under the initiative and referendum, by 
the electors. 

161 Q. What three restrictions are placed upon our school system 
by the Constitution of Colorado? 

A. No religious test required of teachers or students. 

The state school fund shall remain intact. 

No debt by loan may be made unless voted by electors. 

Boards of education shall have control of instruction in the 
public schools in their respective districts. 

No public school fund to help support sectarian institutions, 
etc., etc. 

NORMAL INSTITUTES. 

162 Q. Into how many normal institute districts is the state divided? 

A. Thirteen, as designated by the General Assembly, each 
county being included in one of these districts. 

163 Q. What is the minimum length of term of each normal district 
of the state? 

A. Not less than two weeks. 

164 Q. Who determines the time and place of holding such normal 
institutes? 

A. The county superintendents of each institute district shall 
annually select not more than three of their number as an execu- 

28 



tive committee. This committee, with the advice and consent of 
the state superintendent of public instruction and the president 
of the state normal school, determines same and selects a con- 
ductor and instructor for the same. A member of the state 
normal school faculty is ex-officio a conductor of institutes. 

165 Q. How are the expenses of the normal institute defrayed? 

A. J3y the payment of the sum of one dollar registration fee 
for each person attending; the appropriation by the county 
commissioners of the county from which the teacher is regis- 
tered, of the sum of two dollars for each person so certified; 
together with the one-dollar fee paid by each applicant for a 
teacher's certificate at any regular county examination and by 
each successful applicant for a renewal or endorsement of a 
certificate, or the issuance of a like grade certificate; a state 
appropriation of fifty dollars is promised by the state to each 
institute having an attendance of not less than twenty. 

166 Q. What is meant by the "Normal Institute fund"? 

A. Funds arising from registration fees and appropriations by 
the county commissioners. 

167 Q. Who is the custodian of the fund? 

A. A county treasurer selected by a majority of the county 
superintendents of the institute district. 

168 Q. Who disburses the fund? 

A. All disbursements shall be made on the order of the execu- 
tive committee, vouchers drawn by the secretary for services 
rendered or expenses incurred. 

169 Q. What certificate is required for conductor or instructor of 
Normal Institutes? 

A. An institute license issued by the state board of education 
upon the recommendation of the state board of examiners. 

170 Q. What credit may be given a teacher who attends a Normal 
Institute session of two weeks? 

A. 5% added to average standing in examination. 
PUBLIC CONTRACTS. 

171 Q. May officers of school districts be interested in public con- 
tracts? 

A. They may not be interested either directly or indirectly ex- 
cept in their representative capacity, or to become in any man- 
ner bound for the fulfillment of such contract, or to take or re- 
ceive any part of the money specified therein. 

172 Q. May officers of school districts deal in warrants of the dis- 
trict? 

29 



A. They may not buy, purchase, trade in or acquire, directly 
or indirectly, any such district warrants or other evidences of 
district indebtedness of the county in which they are officers. 

PUBLIC LANDS. 

173 Q. What sections in each township are school lands? What are 
Indemnity Lands? 

A. Sections sixteen and thirty-six unless mineral bearing. If 
mineral bearing, other sections are granted which are called 
"Indemnity Lands." 

174 Q. How are these sections disposed of for the support of the 
schools? 

A. At public auction at not less than $2.50 per acre. 

PUBLIC OFFICERS. 

175 Q. May the term of office or salary of any public officer be in- 
creased? 

A. Not after his election or appointment. 

176 Q. For what period of time do office holders exercise their 
duties? 

A. Until removed according to law or until a successor is elect- 
ed or appointed and qualified. (This does not apply to members 
of the General Assembly nor to members of any board or assem- 
bly, two or more of whom are elected the .same time.) 

177 Q. Who are qualified to hold office? 

A. Only qualified electors. 

178 Q. Name some of the disqualifications for office. 

A. Any person who is a collector or receiver of public money 
or the deputy of any collector or receiver and who shall become 
a defaulter in his office ; any person convicted of embezzlement of 
public moneys, bribery, perjury, solicitation of bribery or sub- 
ornation of perjury ; the fighting of a duel or assisting therein. 

179 Q. What is a prerequisite to the entering' upon duties of an 
office? 

A. Taking and subscribing oath or affirmation to support the 
constitutions of the United States and of Colorado and to faith- 
fully perform the duties of the office. 

180 Q. What happens if a person refuses or neglects to qualify for 
office within the time prescribed by law? 

A. A vacancy occurs. 

181 Q. When does the term of the officer elected to fill a vacancy 
expire? 

A. At the expiration of the term during which the vacancy oc- 
curred. 

30 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

182 Q. Define "public school." 

A. A school that derives its support entirely or in part from 
money raised by general state, county or district taxes. 

183 Q. What requirements are made by the law for the establish- 
ment and maintenance of public schools? 

A. The constitution requires that uniform free public schools 
be established and maintained for the gratuitous education of 
all persons between six, and twenty-one and that one or more 
public schools be maintained in each school district within the 
state for at least three months in each year. 

184 Q. Is a school district entitled to public funds if it fails to keep 
a school open within the district for at least three months in a 
school year? 

A. It is not. 

185 Q. May financial aid be given to sectarian schools or churches? 
A. No. 

186 Q. May religious tests be required as a prerequisite to admission 
in a public school? 

A. No religious test or qualification can be required as a con- 
dition of admission into any public educational institution in the 
state either as teacher or student. 

187 Q. Can sectarian tenets or doctrines be taught in the public 
schools or any distinction or classification of pupils be made on 
account of race or color? 

A. No. 

188 Q. How many kinds of public schools are there? 

A. Elementary and secondary or high schools. 

189 Q. What do the elementary schools include? 

A. Kindergartens and schools maintaining a course from the 
first to the eighth grades. 

190 Q. How many kinds of high schools? 
A. Three — district, union and county. 

191 Q. In what language must the children be taught in public 
schools? 

A. In the English language. 
2 92 Q. "What subjects must be taught in the public schools? 

A. Orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grair • 
mar, geography, history, Constitutions of the United States a: d 

31 



Colorado, civil government, physiology, natural sciences, theory 
and practice of teaching, and school law. The school board may 
also provide for the teaching of hygiene with special reference 
to the effects of alcoholic stimulants and narcotics upon the hu- 
man body, and shall cause two lessons each week of at least ten 
minutes on the subject of humane treatment of animals. 

193 Q. May other languages than English be taught in the school? 

A. If the board deems it necessary it may so require of its own 
volition, or upon the petition of parents or guardians of twenty 
or more children of school age. 

194 Q. To whom are the public schools open? 

A. Public schools, except high schools, are open to children 
between the ages of six and twenty-one residing in the school 
district during at least four school months in each year and to 
adults and children not residing-in the district upon payment of 
tuition required by the board. 

195 Q. Give the provisions of law concerning drinking cups for 
school children. 

A. No corporation or board having control of any public insti- 
tution or conveyance shall furnish or permit to be used therein 
promiscuously a common drinking cup. 

SCHOOL CENSUS. 

196 Q. What is school age? 

A. The age over six and under twenty-one. 

197 Q. Who prepares the census lists? 

A. The secretary of the boards of each district. 

198 Q. What is a "school census"? 

A. A school census is denned to be a census of all persons be- 
tween the ages of six and twenty-one years who were bona fide 
residents of a given school district on the tenth day of February, 
the month during which the census must be taken. 

199 Q. What is the purpose of the school census? 

A. It forms the basis of apportionment of state and county 
school funds, and is also the basis of effective enforcement of 
the compulsory law. 

200 Q. In the census of what district must a person of school age 
be listed? 

A. In the census of the district in which he was living on Feb- 
ruary tenth. 

201 Q. When is school census taken? 

A. Between the tenth day of February and the first day of 
March in each year. 

32 



STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

202 Q. What body has the general supervision of the public school 
of this state? 

A. The state board of education, composed of the superintend- 
ent of public instruction, secretary of state and attorney general, 
of which the superintendent is the president. 

203 Q. Does the state board of education have the power to pre- 
scribe text books for the public schools? 

A. No. 

204 Q. When does this board meet? 

A. The last Saturday of December in each year and at such 
other times as may be deemed necessary. 

205 Q. Name some of its powers. 

A. Adopt rules and regulations for the government of the pub- 
lic schools ; issue state diplomas to teachers ; issue state diplomas 
for eminent service; issue state diplomas to college graduates 
having a four-year course of collegiate work ; revoke state diplo- 
mas upon satisfactory evidence that the' holder is unworthy of 
the same after thirty days' notice to the holder and hearing' be- 
fore the board; hear appeals from county superintendent's de- 
cisions; appoint state board of examiners; grant certificates to 
institute conductors and instructors. 

STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. 

206 Q. What officials constitute the State Board of Examiners? 

A. The law provides that the State Board of Examiners shall 
consist of the state superintendent and eight other persons who 
shall be appointed by the state board of education. The law 
permits the president of each of the state schools to nominate 
a person who shall be a citizen of Colorado, actively engaged in 
educational work, and who is not a member of the faculty of 
either the State Agricultural College, the University of Colorado, 
the State School of Mines, or the State Normal School. This 
-provides for the nomination of four members. The other four 
members are both nominated and appointed by the state board of 
education and must not be members of the faculty of state 
schools. 

207 Q. What are the functions of the board? 

A. As often as directed by the state board of education and at 
least once a year it shall, after giving public notice of the same, 
examine all applicants for state diplomas for the purpose of de- 
termining the applicant's possession of academic and profession- 
al attainments; grant state diplomas to such persons as pass 
such examinations and possess good moral character. 

33' 



STATE BOARD OF LAND COMMISSIONERS. 

208 Q. Who constitute the State Board of Land Commissioners? 

A. Three persons appointed by the Governor, with the consent 
of the Senate. One of the members must be a civil engineer. 



STATE INSTITUTIONS. 

209 Q. Classify the state institutions under the following heads: 
Educational, Beneficiary, Penal. 

A. Educational : State University, State Agricultural College, 

State Normal Schools, State School of Mines. 

Beneficiary: State School for Deaf and Blind, State Home for 

Dependent and Neglected Children, State Home and Training 

School for Mental Defectives, State Insane Asylum. 

Penal : State Industrial School for Boys, State Industrial School 

for Girls, State Reform School, State Penitentiary. 

210 Q. Name and locate the state educational institutions and tell 
how each is supported. 

A. State University, Boulder. Liberal arts, medicine, law, en- 
gineering, etc. 

State Teachers' College, Greeley, and State Normal School, Gun- 
nison. Training of teachers. 

State School of Mines, Golden. Technical, mining and engineer- 
ing, etc. 

State Agricultural College, Fort Collins. Technical, agriculture, 
irrigation, engineering, etc. 

State School for Deaf and Blind, Colorado Springs. 
State Industrial School for Boys, Golden. Educational and re- 
formative. 

State Industrial School for Girls, Morrison. Educational and re- 
formative. 

The State Reform School, Buena Vista. 

State Home for Dependent and Neglected Children, Denver. 
State Home and Training School for Mental Defectives, Arvada. 
Agricultural School, Port Lewis. 

School of Horticulture and Forestry, Grand Junction. 
They are supported by state appropriation, special state tax, tui- 
tion, various incidental fees, and by endowment. 

211 Q. What provisions are made for the education of the deaf and 
blind? 

A. The deaf and blind may attend a state school located at 
Colorado Springs. The school provides board and lodging in 
addition to tuition. 

34 



STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

212 Q. When established? 

A. 1889 at Greeley and 1901 at Gunnison. 

213 Q. For what purposes are state normal schools created? 

A. For the purpose of instruction in the science and art of 
teaching in such branches of knowledge as shall qualify teachers 
for their profession. 

214 Q. What is the state normal school at Greeley otherwise known 
as? 

A. The State Teachers' College. 

215 Q. How many normal schools are there and where are they lo- 
cated? 

A. Two. One at Greeley and one at Gunnison. 

216 Q. Who has supervision over the affairs of the school? 

A. A board of six trustees appointed by the Governor, with the 
advice and consent of the Senate, two for a term of two years, 
two for four years and two for six years, with the superintendent 
of public instruction as an ex-officio member. 

217 Q. Is the state normal school a part of the public school system 
of the state and entitled to its apportionment of the state school 
funds? 

A. It is a part of the public school system and entitled to ap- 
portionment of state school funds as union high schools. 

218 Q. Is the school subject to the supervisory control of the state 
board of education? 

A. It is. 

219 Q. What are the qualifications for admission to the institution? 

A. The qualifications are prescribed by the board of trustees, 
each applicant being forced to undergo an examination by the 
faculty of the school and sign and file with the board of trustees 
a declaration to engage in the business of teaching in the pub- 
lic schools of this state. 

220 Q. Under what conditions are diplomas issued? 

A. Upon examinations conducted by an examining board con- 
sisting of the state superintendent of public instruction, a counly 
superintendent of schools within the state appointed by the 
Governor and the principal of the said school. 

221 Q. What is the effect of the issuance of a diploma to any grad- 
uate? 

A. The diploma is a license to the receiver to teach in any of the 

35 



public schools of this state when a certified copy thereof is filed 
in the office of the county superintendent of the county where 
the graduate proposes to teach. 

222 Q. Can a license be annulled? 

A. Yes; by the state superintendent of public instruction, and 
may be suspended in any county by the superintendent of schools 
of such county pending an action of the superintendent of public 
instruction. 

STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 

223 Q. Who is eligible to the office of state superintendent of public 
instruction? 

A. Any person thirty years of age, who is a citizen of the United 
States and has lived within the limits of this state two years 
next preceding his election. 

224 Q. How is a vacancy in this office filled? 
A. By appointment by the Governor. 

225 Q. What is the term of office of the state superintendent? 
A. Two years. 

226 Q. How does the state superintendent of public instruction hold 
office? 

A. By election at the general election the first Tuesday after 
the first Monday in November. 

227 Q. What are the duties of the state superintendent? 

A. He shall be ex-officio state librarian; employ assistant state 
librarian; keep on file all papers, reports and public documents 
received from school officers; decide all points touching the con- 
struction of the school laws, which decision shall be final until 
overthrown by the courts or subsequent legislation; prepare lists 
of questions for the use of county superintendents at quarterly 
examinations of teachers; shall have general supervision of all 
county superintendents and of the public schools of this state; 
prepare, print and furnish to teachers and school officers such 
blank forms, registers and books as are necessary for the dis- 
charge of their duties; cause printed pamphlets of the school 
laws to be published for distribution amongst school officers, 
school libraries and state libraries ; make a biennial report to the 
Governor concerning the condition of the public schools and 
needed legislation and appropriations; visit the public schools in 
the several counties of the state ; within fifteen days after noti- 
fication from the auditor as to the amount of money in the state 
treasury to the credit of the public school income fund he shall 
apportion said fund among the several counties of the state, mak- 
ing such deductions as are provided for preparing, printing and 
furnishing blanks and copies of the school laws. 

36 



228 Q. What offices does the state superintendent of public instruc- 
tion of this state hold ex-officio? 

A. Ex-officio state librarian. 

Ex-officio president of state board of education. 

Ex-officio president of state board of examiners. 

Ex-officio member of board of trustees of state normal school. 

TAXES. 

229 Q. What properties are exempt from taxation? 

A. Lots with buildings used exclusively for religious worship, 
for schools, or for strictly charitable purposes; also cemeteries 
not used or held for private or corporate profit. 

230 Q. Are corporations doing business in this state subject to taxa- 
tion for school purposes? 

A. They are. 

231 Q. How are county school taxes levied? 

A. By the county commissioners at the time of levying taxes 
for county purposes and collected in the same manner and at the 
same time as state and county taxes. 

232 Q. Upon what do the county commissioners base the levy? 

A. Upon certification by the county superintendent as to the 
amount of money needed per capita to enable each school district 
in the county to maintain a public school six months in each year, 
which certification shall not take into consideration school dis- 
tricts of a school population of less than fifteen and shall use 
as a basis for making the estimate the sum of fifty dollars a 
month for teachers' salary. 

233 Q. In case of failure on the part of the county commissioners to 
levy a tax for school purposes as required by law, upon whom 
falls that duty? 

A. The county clerk. 

234 Q. In what manner are special school taxes levied? 

A. Certification by the board of directors of each district on or 
before the day designated by law for the county commissioners 
to levy taxes for the ensuing year showing an aggregate amount 
which it is necessary to raise to create a special fund to carry on 
the duties of the board. 

235 Q. What are its maximum and minimum limits in mills, and how 
affected by the Levy-limiting Act? (The county school tax is 
meant.) 

A. Minimum limit 2 mills ; maximum limit 5 mills. All statutory 
rates making provision for the revenues of the schools were re- 
duced so as to prohibit the levying of a greater amount of rev- 

37 



enue on the assessed value of the year 1913 than was levied for 
the year 1912, plus 15 per cent. For each year after the year 
1913 the tax rate must be so limited as not to levy a tax creating 
a greater amount of revenue than was created the preceding 
year plus 5 per cent. Prior to 1913 assessments and levies were 
made on one-third valuation of property. After the adoption of 
the Levy-limiting Act assessments and levies had to be made on 
full valuation. In order to prevent a sudden and disproportion- 
ate burden being placed on taxpayers, the law prevented the 
levying of a greater tax for 1913 than was levied in 1912, plus 
15 per cent. ; and prevented a greater tax for years subsequent 
to 1913 than was levied in 1913, plus 5 per cent. The minimum 
of two mills is thus affected, but the maximum of five mills still 
remains. The Colorado Tax Commission may, upon application 
to it, permit an increase in excess of 5 per cent., but not over 
5 mills ; and the taxing district may, by three-fourths vote of all 
votes cast, increase the levy, but not over 5 mills. 

236 Q. What is the maximum limit in third-class districts? 

A. Twenty mills, subject to the same limitations as in A. 235. 

237 Q. How is the amount of special tax levy in third-class districts 
determined? In first and second-class districts? 

A By the electors. By the school board. 

238 Q. For what purpose may the special tax fund be used? 

A. The special fund may be used to pay all expenses of the 
school that the school board has a right to pay. 

239 Q. What legal provision is there for school libraries in this 
state? 

A. A special library tax of one-tenth mill may be levied. 

240 Q. Can the question of the levying of a special tax be recon- 
sidered by a school board after certification to the county com- 
missioners? 

A. No. 

TEACHERS. 

(Certification of Teachers — Page 4.) 

241 Q. Who employs teachers? 

A. The school boards of the several districts. 

242 Q. What are the necessary prerequisites to the employment of 
a teacher? 

A. First : Action by a majority of the school board at a regular 
meeting. 

Second: Teacher must have license in full force at date of em- 
ployment. 

38 



243 Q. What is the effect of the lack of certificate by a teacher ac- 
cepting employment? 

A. Forfeits all claim to compensation for the term so teaching 
without such license. 

244 Q. What if the license expires within term of employment? 

A. This does not stop the school or teachers pay, provided the 
teacher, if the term extends for longer than one month after ex- 
piration of the license, procures a new certificate or a renewal of 
the one held while the same is in force. 

245 Q. Are licenses required of persons who teach music, drawing or 
modern languages only? 

A. No. The state superintendent holds that in second or third- 
class districts a teacher of these subjects must possess some 
license before being entitled to draw public funds as a salary, 
and that in first-class districts the boards may accept a diploma 
from some recognized institution having a department teaching 
these courses of study. 

246 Q. Under what conditions may a teacher be dismissed? 

A. For good cause only. 

247 Q. Is a teacher entitled to pay for services rendered prior to dis- 
missal. 

A. Yes. 

248 Q. What are some of the duties of teachers? 

A. To keep a daily register in such form and upon such blanks 
as are furnished by the superintendent of public instruction ; 
file the summary in such register at the close of each term of 
school not to exceed four months and in ungraded schools file 
the register with the secretary of the district who preserves the 
same; in graded schools the register must be filed with the prin- 
cipal or superintendent of the district who makes an abstract of 
the summaries of all registers upon blanks prepared by the state 
superintendent and file the same with the secretary, which is also 
preserved ; file with the secretary a summary of the statistics for 
the year as shown by the summarized reports of the forms during 
the year where the teacher is in charge of the last term of 
school; keep such additional registers and records of statistics 
as the board may require; the principal teacher of every school 
district within one week after the beginning of each term shall 
notify the county superintendent of the date of the beginning 
and the proposed length of the term. 

249 Q. What is the provision concerning a teacher's final report? 

A. Must file with the secretary a summary of the statistics of 
the year. Until this summary is filed it shall be unlawful for 
any school official to draw a warrant for the last month's salary 

39 



of the teacher whose duty it is to make and file this summary. 
With the summary should be included the registers, and any 
other reports required by the district board. 

250 Q. What things must the teacher's register show regarding 
every pupil? 

A. Name, age, grade and attendance of pupil, together with 
__ parents' name and address; record of visitors; summary for the 
terms; and list of text-books used. 

251 Q. What is meant by the teachers' retirement fund? 

A. In every school district of the first-class a teachers' retire- 
ment fund is created which is controlled by the board of directors 
of the district." The fund is created by a special levy and from 
gifts or bequests made to the fund. 

252 Q. To whom is such fund payable? 

A. A sum not to exceed forty dollars per month paid to any man 
teacher sixty years of age or upwards, or any woman teacher 
fifty-five years of age or upwards, who has been in active service 
as teacher for a period of twenty-five years, of which not less 
than fifteen years of such service shall have been within the dis- 
trict. In cases where teachers have taught for a period of not less 
than ten years the board may pay a sum not to exceed forty 
dollars a month to such teachers as become permanently inca- 
pacitated for teaching while in the service of the district. 

253 Q. How does this fund become available? 

A. Either by application by the teacher or by voluntary action 
of the board. 

254 Q. Is this fund available to teachers actively engaged in service? 

A. Teachers drawing a salary as teachers in active service can- 
not receive the benefits of the act. 

255 Q. Give full explanation of the method of conducting the county 
teachers' examination. 

A. The county teachers' examination is held on the third Thurs- 
day and Friday in March, August and December in a suitable 
room at the county seat. It may be held in another town in the 
county on request of five or more teachers. Examination for 
high school teachers is held on the Saturday following the ex- 
amination mentioned. The examination questions are provided 
by the state superintendent of public instruction and the an- 
swers are graded by the county superintendent of schools. Care 
is taken to prevent copying and other forms of cheating. The 
candidate is given one set of questions at a time and is given 
a certain limited time to write the answers to each set. A fee 
of one dollar is charged each applicant. 

40 



256 Q. When a pupil becomes unruly, how may he be legally re- 
moved from school? 

A. He may be suspended by the teacher until the board can 
have opportunity to act. He may be expelled by the board. 

257 Q. What decision was rendered by the state superintendent of 
public instruction concerning the jurisdiction of teachers over 
pupils on their way to and from school? 

A. "Respecting the jurisdiction of teachers over pupils on their 
way to and from school, it has been recognized that the authority 
over pupils is joint and equal with that of the parent. However, 
authority over pupils when not on the school premises should 
be confined to protecting and promoting the welfare of the. 
school.'' 

258 Q. Write what you would consider a correct form of teacher's 
contract with the district board. 

A. Contracts vary. The standard form will be found on page 
309 of the 1917 school laws. After announcing the appointment 
and salary of the teacher, it proceeds as follows : 
"The conditions of your employment are that you will faithfully 
observe the rules and regulations adopted by the board for the 
government of said school; that you will exercise reasonable 
diligence in looking after the preservation of school buildings, 
grounds, furniture, books and all other school property under 
your jurisdiction; that you will make promptly and correctly 
all reports of the school required by the county superintendent ; 
that you will keep a correct register of the school, and file the 
same with the president or secretary of this board or the princi- 
pal of the school at the close of the school year as required by 

law ; and that you will hold a legal certificate of the grade, 

issued or endorsed by the county superintendent of the county, 
signed by the president and attested by the secretary of the 
board." 

259 Q. Of what value do you consider a teacher's contract? 

A. It is a good thing for a teacher to have, but is considered of 
liitlo value to the school district. A loyal, honest teacher will 
not break a contract without the consent of her school board. 
For such, a written contract is not needed by the district. For 
others no contract is more than a "scrap of paper" when a high- 
er salary is offered. 

260 Q. Can a school board make a legal contract with a teacher who 
does not hold a certificate? Why should a teacher insist on hav- 
ing a written contract with a school board? 

A. No. It is always best to have the terms of an agreement in 
writing. 

41 



261 Q. Is a contract in writing necessary to a legal employment of 
a teacher? May it extend beyond the term of the members of 
the board? 

A. No. All that is necessary is that the employment be agreed 
upon at a legal meeting, the teacher notified, acceptance by her, 
and the performance of services in accordance with the terms. 
The employment may be complete without performance of serv- 
ice when the other conditions are complied with, but in order 
to recover damages for breach of the contract the teacher must 
be ready and willing to perform the services and then try to 
secure employment elsewhere if she is refused, so as to mitigate 
the damages. It may extend beyond their terms. 

262 Q. How is the minimum salary for teachers provided? 

A. The school board of each district must certify to the board 
of county commissioners on or before the day designated by law 
for the levying of taxes for the then ensuing year, such part of 
the special tax levy not to exceed ten mills, which will be suf- 
ficient with all other apportionments from the state or county for 
the district to pay each teacher the sum of fifty dollars per month 
for a term of not less than six months in the school year, and 
the part of the special levy so made is used for the purpose of 
paying teachers' salaries only. 

263 Q. How may a district be aided in the event that the levy, to- 
gether with the apportionments of state and county funds, spoken 
of in the preceding answer, is not sufficient to pay the teachers 
fifty dollars a month for the school fund? 

A. The county superintendent makes apportionment to each dis- 
trict, and county treasurer places to the credit of the district a 
sum of money which, together with the portion of the tax levy 
to which reference has been made, and moneys available from the 
apportionments above referred to, sufficient to pay the minimum 
salary for the minimum time prescribed in the act, provided that 
the sum so apportioned by the county superintendent shall not 
exceed one-third of the revenue raised by the general county 
school tax levy. 

264 Q. From what funds does the county superintendent make the 
apportionments referred to in the above answer? 

A. From the general count}?- school fund created by the general 
school levy of the county. 

265 Q. In the event that the school districts fail to certify the spe- 
cial levy of ten mills or such portion thereof as is necessary for 
the purpose of compliance with the minimum salary act, what 
action is taken? 

A. The county commissioners make the levy. 

42 



266 Q. In the event that a school district is unable by means of the 
part of the special levy required in the minimum salary act, to- 
gether with the apportionment from the state and county funds 
and the additional one-third apportionment from the county 
funds, what action is taken? 

A. The county superintendent must certify such facts to the 
state superintendent not later than the first day of June and De- 
cember in each year. If, after investigation, the state superin- 
tendent is convinced of the necessity of financial assistance to 
the district, it becomes his duty to apportion money sufficient to 
pay the minimum salaries provided for in the teachers' minimum 
salary act, and the state treasurer must pay said apportionments 
into the county treasury, which money must be placed to the 
credit of the districts designated in the county superintendent's 
certificate. 

267 Q. From what fund are the moneys drawn in the apportionment 
made by the state superintendent? 

A. From the public school income fund, provided an appropria- 
tion has been made for that purpose. (None for 1917 and 1918.) 

268 Q. How does a county forfeit its right to state assistance? 

A. By failure of the county commissioners to make the maxi- 
mum levy for school purposes allowed by law. 

TRUANT SCHOOLS. 

269 Q. In what cities may truant schools be established? 

A. In cities having a population of one hundred thousand in- 
habitants or more, truant schools must be established; while in 
cities of a population over twenty-five thousand and less than 
one hundred thousand, such truant schools may be established by 
the board of directors after a majority vote at a general election 
where such question is submitted to the people. 

270 Q. What are truant schools otherwise known as? 
A. Parental schools. 

271 Q. How are these schools located? 

A. The sites may be purchased and buildings constructed or 
premises rented in the same manner as public schools, but cannot 
be located at or near penal institutions. 

272 Q. Who has supervision over these schools? 

A. The board of education of the district which must furnish 
furniture, fixtures and provisions that are necessary for their 
maintenance and operation. 

273 Q. Name some of the powers and duties of the board of educa- 
tion in connection with these schools. 

43 



A. Besides furnishing fixtures, furniture and provisions the 
board may employ superintendents and other necessary officers, 
agents and teachers, prescribing the methods of discipline and 
course of instruction and exercise the same powers and perform 
the same duties as prescribed for the management of other 
schools. 

274 Q. May an increase in the levy for school purposes be made be- 
cause of these schools? 

A. No. 

275 Q. Can religious instruction be taught in these schools? 

A. No ; except such as is allowed to be given in public schools. 
The boards of education must make suitable regulations so the 
inmates can receive proper religious training in accordance with 
the belief of the parents of such children. 

276 Q. What children are committed to the truant schools? 

A. Habitual truants or children of compulsory school age who 
are not attending school and who persist in habitual truancy or 
persistent violation of the rules of public schools. 

277 Q. May any child be committed to this school who has been 
convicted of any offense punishable by confinement in a penal 
institution? 

A. No. 

278 Q. What is the term of commitment for habitual truants? 

A. Until the child has attained the age of fourteen years, unless 
discharged for good behavior. 

279 Q. Who pays for the maintenance of the child so committed? 

A. The parent or guardian of the child committed must provide 
suitable clothing and pay the actual cost of board of such child. 

280 Q. How may a child be released from such school? 

A. A board of education establishes regulations for the parole 
of such child. 

281 Q. What is the effect of a parole? 

A. It does not operate as a discharge but merely permits the 
dismissal of the child, and the principal or other person having 
charge of the school to which the child is released or paroled 
must report at least once each month to the superintendent of the 
parental school, stating the conduct of the child as to attendance 
and obedience. 

282 Q. How soon may parole be granted? 

A. Not sooner than four weeks from the time of commitment. 

44 



283 Q. When may a child become discharged from such school? 
A. Upon satisfactory conduct for a period of one year. 

284 Q. What is the result of a violation of a parole? 

A. Recommitment in the truant or parental school and inabili- 
ty to become released upon parole within a period of three months 
from the date of re-entry, and upon violation of a second parole 
commitment for at least one year. 

285 Q. What is done with incorrigible children in such institutions? 

A. The facts are presented to the county court showing that 
the child is incorrigible and the court may then commit such 
child to some juvenile reformatory. 

WARRANTS. 

286 Q. What is a registered warrant? 

A. A registered warrant is a warrant countersigned by the 
county treasurer, "Not paid for lack of funds." 

287 Q. What interest does it draw? Why this amount of interest? 

A. It draws six per cent, interest, because that is the legal rate 
of interest in Colorado. 

288 Q. What formality is required in order that district warrants 
may be legal? 

A. They must be voted by the board at a meeting of which all 
the members have had legal notice. District school warrants 
must be signed by the district president and secretary and coun- 
tersigned by the district treasurer. 

289 Q. When is a warrant illegal, even though drawn and signed 
by all members of the school board? 

A. Warrants issued in excess of the tax levy for the current 
year are illegal. 

290 Q. How does a creditor of a school district obtain his money? 

A. He is paid by an order on the county treasurer for the 
amount of the debt. This order is called a warrant. 

291 Q. May school officers deal in warrants? 
A. They may not — directly or indirectly. 



45 



INDEX 



(References are to Questions) 

ALCOHOLIC DRINKS 

Effects on human system taught 1, 192 

Penalty for failure to have taught 1 

APPEALS 

Finality of decision of District Board 5 

of County Superintendent 5 

of State Board of Education 6 

Judgment for money not allowed 7 

To State Board where no trial before County Supt 4 

To whom, by whom and where taken 3 

BONDS 

Annexed property when subject to indebtedness 20 

Amount — who determines 9 

Boundary lines — effect of — change in 19 

County High School indebtedness — how created 21 

1. Annexed property subject to indebtedness 23 

2. Boundary lines — effect of change ; . 22 

Interest coupons — how paid 17 

Issuance of — who determines 8 

Limit of bonded indebtedness 11 

Limit of bonded indebtedness — how computed 12 

Limit of taxation to pay principal and interest on bonds . . 13 

Payable — when 15 

Redeemable — when 14 

Redeemed — how 18 

Signed — how 16 

Taxation for more than one kind of high school 24 

Who may vote on 10 

CERTIFICATES 

Advantages of 1st grade 31 

Endorsed — when and by whom 27 

Grades of 25 

Issued — under what conditions — by whom. 29, 30, 34 

Kinds or grades — by what authority issued 26 

Like grade — how obtained — what are 28 

Refusal to issue by county supt. — appeal 35 

Renewed — when and by whom 27 

Revoked — how — ground — by whom 32, 33 

Terms for which good 25 

CHILDREN 

Child Labor Law — provisions of 37 

Delinquent defined 36 

Physical examination — consists of what 38 

Conducted under state superintendent's supervision 40 

Duties of teacher in case parent or guardian refuses to 

act 39 

Duties of county superintendent in case parent or guard- 
ian refuses to act 39 

47 



Compulsory Education of 

Attendance at other than public school 42 

Employers — duties of 46 

Exemption or release — how often may apply for 45 

Exemption or release — how procured 44 

Truant officers — duties of 47 

To whom applies 41 

Requirements of law 43 

COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT 

Commissioner of lands 54 

Duties of 48 

Elected — when 49 

Ex-officio offices held by 54 

Qualifications of 52 

Report to state superintendent — failure to — penalty 53 

Supervisors of schools in county 48 

Term of 50 

Vacancy — how filled 51 

DIRECTORS 

Flag, U. S. — purchase and display of 70 

Number of in each class district 56 

Officers elected 56 

President 56 

Powers and duties 57 

Vice-President 56, 63 

Powers and duties 64 

Secretary 56 

Powers and duties 58 

Books open to inspection 60 

Treasurer 56 

Bond — amount of — when required 61 

Books open to inspection 60 

Powers and duties 59 

Powers and duties 65 

Powers and duties in first-class not possessed in other 

classes 66 

Qualifications , 55 

Qualify — how soon after election 62 

Special meeting— when and how called — notices 67 

Term of office 56 

Vacancies — how worked — how filled 68, 69 

DISTRICTS 

Annulled — how — disposition of territory 84 

Classification — how changed 74 

Classified — how 72 

Consolidated — what are and how formed 85 

Consolidated — powers of board of directors 86 

Consolidated — question of — how often presented 87 

Divided — first-cla&s — how 78 

Formation — how voided 77 

Funds — when new district entitled to 83 

Joint — what are — how formed 81 

Joint — how annulled 82 

Legal — when become 73 

Organized — 

From one or more old districts 75 

From unorganized territory 76 

Territory — annexed to or detached from . . . . 80 

United — two or more — how 79 

What is 71 

48 



ELECTIONS 

Ballot boxes — open how long 91 

Contest — who may institute proceedings 94 

Judges — appointed when 92 

Judges — directors in third-class districts act as 92 

Regular — when held 88 

Regular — in third-class districts — business transacted 89 

Regular — notice of 90 

Tie — what action taken 93 

Votes — who counts 95 

ELECTORS 

Powers of in third-class districts 97 

Who are 96 

EXAMINATIONS 

Certificates issued by county superintendent — when 101 

Conducted by whom 100 

Held when 98 

Subjects of 99 

FLAGS 

Anarchistic — display of 105 

Other than U. S. or State — when displayed 104 

State — description of 103 

U. S. — purchase and display 102 

FRATERNITIES 

Pupils — members of — when permitted 106 

FUNDS (See Teachers') 

Benefit from use or deposit not permitted 115 

Conversion to own use by officers prohibited 115 

County — general fund 107 

County — general fund — use of 108 

Fines — disposition of 112 

Forfeiture of portion by school district — how 113 

Investment of permanent funds from sale of school lands . . 116 

Loan of by officers prohibited ' 114 

Normal Institute Fund — what is 110 

Normal Institute Fund — when and how apportioned Ill 

Permanent school emergency — of what consists 109 

Public school fund — of what consists 107 

State general fund 107 

GARNISHMENTS 

Constitutionality of the act 117 

School districts subject to 117 

HAZING 

Unlawful — penalty 118 

HIGH SCHOOLS 

Districts not subjected to more than one high school tax. . 130 

Kinds 119 

Maintained in what districts 120 

County High Schools 

County high school committee — powers of 126 

Determination of question submitted 124 

Districts — all in county need not be included — vote of 131 

Districts maintaining high school or organized into union 

high school may abandon same 132 

Judges of election — who act as 122 

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Organization in 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th class counties 121 

Procedure after organization ,. . 125 

President of county high school committee — powers of 127 

Secretary of county high school committee — powers and 

duties of 128 

Treasurer of county high school committee — powers and 

duties of . . . . . 129 

Vacancy in judges of election — how filled 123 

District High Schools 

Established in what class districts 144 

Power and control over — who has 145 

Union High Schools 
District not contiguous to a city or incorporated town — 

how added to union high school district 141 

District of one county added to union high school district 

of another — how 142 

High school committee — term of members . . . , 136 

High school committee — term of secretary 137 

High school committee — meetings — when held , 138 

High school committee — powers 139 

Kinds 135 

Organization of 133 

Organized at county seats — open to what children 134 

Term of school in 140 

School board in cases of addition of outlying district to. . . 143 

HOLIDAYS AND SCHOOL, YEAR 
Holidays 

Arbor Day — observance of 154 

National 150 

Other than national 152 

Other than national — recognized since when 153 

Recognized as such — since when 151 

School day defined 149 

School month defined 147 

School week defined 148 

School year defined 146 

KINDERGARTENS 

Children not considered in preparing census 157 

Established — how and for what purpose 156 

Law passed when 155 

Maintained from what fund 158 

Teachers — qualifications of 159 

LAW 

Constitution and laws distinguished 160 

Constitutional restrictions on school system 161 

NORMAL INSTITUTES 

Conductor or Instructor — certificate required of 169 

Credit for attendance 170 

Custodian of fund 167 

Disbursement of fund 168 

Expenses — how defrayed 165 

Normal Institute fund defined 166 

Number of institute districts 162 

Term — minimum 163 

Time and place of holding — who determines 164 

PUBLIC CONTRACTS 

Officers not interested in 171 

Officers not deal in warrants 172 

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PUBLIC LANDS 

Disposal of school sections 174 

Indemnity lands — what are 173 

School lands — what sections are 173 

PUBLIC OFFICERS 

Disqualifications 177 

Oath as prerequisite to entering office 179 

Qualifications 177 

Qualify — failure or refusal — effect of . ■ 180 

Salary — not increased during term 175 

Term of all officers 176 

Term of officers appointed or elected to fill vacancy 181 

Term of office not increased during term 175 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

Classification or distinction account race or color prohibited 187 

Definition 182 

District — when forfeits portion of school funds 184 

Drinking cups — not used in 195 

Elementary schools — what are 189 

Establishment and maintenance required 183 

High schools — kinds of 190 

Kinds 188 

Language taught — English 191 

Languages other than English taught — when 193 

Open to whom 194 

Religious tests not required in 186 

Sectarian schools — financial aid to prohibited 185 

Sectarian tenets and doctrines not taught in 187 

Subjects taught in 192 

SCHOOL CENSUS 

Defined 198 

Purpose of 199 

School age defined 196 

When taken 200 

Who prepares 197 

STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION 

Meets when 204 

Members of 202 

Powers 205 

Supervision of the public schools 202 

Text books — no power to prescribe 203 

STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS 

Functions of 207 

Members of — how designated 206 

STATE BOARD OF LAND COMMISSIONERS 

Members of — who constitute 208 

STATE INSTITUTIONS 

Classification 209> 

Education of deaf and blind 211 

State educational — location and how supported 210* 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS 

Admission to — qualifications for 219- 

Diplomas — effect of issuance 221 

Diplomas issued — when 220 

Established when 212; 

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License annulled by whom 222 

Located where : 215 

Name, other than State Normal School 214 

Number of 215 

Part of public school system 217 

Purposes of 213 

Supervision and control of 216, 218 

Supervisory control by state board of education 218 

STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

Elected — when 226 

Eligibility to office 223 

Offices held ex-officio 228 

Powers and duties 227 

Term of office 225 

Vacancy — how filled 224 

TAXES 

Basis of levy 213 

County — how levied 231 

Corporations subject to tax for school purpose 230 

Failure of county commissioners to levy — procedure 233 

Levy Limiting Act explained 235 

Libraries in school — tax for 239 

Maximum limit in third-class district — what is 236 

Maximum limit — what is 235 

Minimum limit — what is 235 

Properties exempt — what are 229 

Special — how levied 234 

Special tax fund — used for what purposes 238 

Special tax levy — amount determined how 237 

Special tax levy not reconsidered after certification 240 

TEACHERS (See Certificates — Certification of— page 4) 

Certificate — lack of — effect 243 

Contract— form of 258 

Contract — legality of under certain conditions 260 

Contract — value of 259 

Contract — written — better to have 260 

Contract — written — not necessary — when 261 

Dismissed — conditions 246 

Duties of 248 

Employed by whom , 241 

Employment of — prerequisites 242 

Examination of — manner of conducting 255 

Final report of 249 

Fund — Teachers' Retirement — defined 251 

Fund — Teachers' Retirement — how available 253 

Fund — Teachers' Retirement — not available — when 254 

Fund — Teachers' Retirement — payable to whom 252 

License — expiration during term — effect 244 

License to teach music, drawing and modern languages . . . 245 

Minimum salary of 262 

Minimum salary — aid to district — when 263 

Minimum salary — failure of district to make proper levy — 

action taken , 265 

Minimum salary — funds apportioned by county supt 264 

Minimum salary — state aid — from what funds 267 

Minimum salary — state aid — how forfeited 268 

Minimum salary — when state aid is available 266 

Pay prior to dismissal 247 

Pupil — unruly — action by teacher 256 

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Pupil — jurisdiction of teacher over to and from school 257 

Register of — show what 250 

TOBACCO AND CIGARETTES 

Effect of on human system taught 1 

TRUANT SCHOOLS 

Children — committed when 276 

Children — convicted of offense not committed — when 277 

Children — incorrigible — disposition of 285 

Children — maintenance — who pays 279 

Designated as parental schools also 270 

Discharged from — when 283 

Levy for school purposes not increased for maintenance. . . 274 

Located — how 271 

Maintained — in what cities 269 

Parole— effect of 281 

Parole — violation of — result 284 

Parole — when granted 282 

Powers and duties of board of education concerning 273 

Release — manner of 280 

Religious instruction in 275 

Supervision of 272 

Term of commitment 27S 

WARRANTS 

Creditor of school district — how obtains money 290 

Illegal — when 289 

Interest — rate of : .' 287 

Legality — formality required 288 

Officers — school — not deal in . . . 291 

Registered defined 286 



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